It is a recognized and serious complication of untreated pelvic inflammatory disease (PID).

It most commonly affects women of reproductive age.

TOA is defined as an inflammatory mass involving the tube and/or ovary characterized by the presence of pus.

The most common cause is ascending/upper genital tract infection when purulent material can discharge through the tube directly into the peritoneal cavity causing initial PID and progression to form a TOA.2 The infection can occasionally involve other adjacent organs such as the bowel and bladder.

TOA carries high morbidity and can be life-threatening Symptoms of Tubo-ovarian abscess (TOA)